Over 50% of the world lives in poverty, isn’t this devastating?

There are many meanings to the word â€Å"poverty.† Many of us relate it to the thought of homeless people living on streets or to people living in harsh conditions without money of food. We all have our own opinions, but what really is poverty? Is it what the majority of us think of? Or is it just simply the state of being poor? The word â€Å"poverty† has many meanings and definitions. Many believe that this word can mean â€Å"not having an education† or â€Å"living in the state of hunger† or â€Å"abuse† or living without shelter, or even just being â€Å"lonely.† Some of the reasons for someone to be living in the state of poverty could link to â€Å"war† â€Å"famine† or even because â€Å"parents or members of family have passed away.† Statistics clearly prove that â€Å"one out of 120 people have had to leave their homes due to war† Isn't this appalling? Poverty can be seen, and also not seen. For example, in some parts of the world you can clearly see people suffering in poverty, some people may be homeless; some might even be suffering from illness that can not be cured due to lack of money. However, some types of poverty can not be seen. For example, pensioners like Mrs Pankania have to make a decisions between buying enough to eat to being warm in the winter. This is because some pensioners have a low pension and can't enjoy luxuries like us. How would you feel if you had to make a decision between warmth and food? What can you do to Help? As you are probably aware, living in the state of poverty would probably be very harsh. Here are some tips for you to try and help these unfortunate people and make their lives a better place. Uzairs Top Tips 1.) If you are walking down the street, with a handful of unwanted change, and you know the your not really going to take care of it keep it until you come across a charity box. 2.) Make your own charity box. Find an old jar that's NOT being used and write in bold words- CHARITY! Tell your friends and family to put old change into to it and you shall slowly notice that the amount in the jar show slowly increase. 3.) As said in tip 2, make a charity box, but this time give one to a brother or sister and have a race to see who can fill their charity box the quickest. â€Å"Hopefully these tips will help those in poverty- and make their lives a better place†

New Belgium Brewing: Ethical and Environmental Responsibility

Although most of the companies frequently cited as examples of ethical and socially responsible firms are large corporations, it is the social responsibility initiatives of small businesses that often have the greatest impact on local communities and neighborhoods. These businesses create jobs and provide goods and services for customers in smaller markets that larger corporations often are not interested in serving. Moreover, they also contribute money, resources, and volunteer time to local causes. Their owners often serve as community and neighborhood leaders, and many choose to apply their skills and some of the fruits of their success to tackling local problems and issues that benefit everyone in the community. Managers and employees become role models for ethical and socially responsible actions. One such small business is the New Belgium Brewing Company, Inc. , based in Fort Collins, Colorado. History of the New Belgium Brewing Company The idea for the New Belgium Brewing Company began with a bicycling trip through Belgium. Belgium is arguably the home of some of the world’s finest ales, some of which have been brewed for centuries in that country’s monasteries. As Jeff Lebesch, an American electrical engineer, cruised around that country on his fat-tired mountain bike, he wondered if he could produce such high-quality beers back home in Colorado. After acquiring the special strain of yeast used to brew Belgian-style ales, Lebesch returned home and began to experiment in his Colorado basement. When his beers earned thumbs up from friends, Lebesch decided to market them. The New Belgium Brewing Company (NBB) opened for business in 1991 as a tiny basement operation in Lebesch’s home in Fort Collins. Lebesch’s wife, Kim Jordan, became the firm’s marketing director. They named their first brew Fat Tire Amber Ale in honor of Lebesch’s bike ride through Belgium. New Belgium beers quickly developed a small but devoted customer base, first in Fort Collins and then throughout Colorado. The brewery soon outgrew the couple’s basement and moved into an old railroad depot before settling into its present custom-built facility in 1995. The brewery includes an automated brewhouse, two quality assurance labs, and numerous technological innovations for which New Belgium has become nationally recognized as a â€Å"paradigm of environmental efficiencies. † Today, New Belgium Brewing Company offers a variety of permanent and seasonal ales and pilsners. The company’s standard line includes Sunshine Wheat, Blue 1  © O. C. Ferrell 2006. We appreciate the work of Nikole Haiar in helping draft the previous edition of this case, and Melanie Drever who assisted in this edition. This case was prepared for classroom discussion, rather than to illustrate either effective of ineffective handling of an administrative, ethical or legal decision by management. All sources used for this case were obtained through publicly available material and the New Belgium website. Paddle Pilsner, Abbey Ale, Trippel Ale, 1554 Black Ale, and the original Fat Tire Amber Ale, still the firm’s best-seller. Some customers even refer to the company as the Fat Tire Brewery. The brewery also markets two types of specialty beers on a seasonal basis. Seasonal ales include Frambozen and Abbey Grand Cru, which are released at Thanksgiving, and Christmas and Farmhouse Ale, which are sold during the early fall months. The firm occasionally offers one-time-only brews, such as LaFolie, a wood-aged beer, which are sold only until the batch runs out. Until 2005, NBB’s most effective form of advertising has been its customers’ word of mouth. Indeed, before New Belgium beers were widely distributed throughout Colorado, one liquor store owner in Telluride is purported to have offered people gas money if they would stop by and pick up New Belgium beer on their way through Ft. Collins. Although New Belgium beers are distributed in just one-third of the United States, the brewery receives numerous e-mails and phone calls every day inquiring when its beers will be available elsewhere. With expanding distribution, however, the brewery recognized a need to increase its opportunities for reaching its far-flung customers. It consulted with Dr. David Holt, an Oxford professor and branding expert. After studying the young company, Holt, together with Marketing Director Greg Owsley, drafted a 70-page â€Å"manifesto† describing the brand’s attributes, character, cultural relevancy, and promise. In particular, Holt identified in New Belgium an ethos of pursuing creative activities simply for the joy of doing them well and in harmony with the natural environment. With the brand thus defined, New Belgium went in search of an advertising agency to help communicate that brand identity; it soon found Amalgamated, an equally young, independent New York advertising agency. Amalgamated created a $10 million advertising campaign for New Belgium that targets high-end beer drinkers, men ages 25 to 44 and highlights the brewery’s image as being down to earth. The grainy ads focus on a man rebuilding a cruiser bike out of used parts and then riding it along pastoral country roads. The product appears in just five seconds of each ad between the tag lines, â€Å"Follow Your Folly †¦ Ours Is Beer. † The ads helped position the growing brand as whimsical, thoughtful, and reflective. In addition to the ad campaign, the company maintained its strategy of promotion through event sponsorships. New Belgium Ethical culture According to Greg Owsley Director of Marketing for New Belgium Brewing beyond a desire for advertising and promotion ethics there is a fundamental focus on the ethical culture of the brand. Although consumer suspicion of business is on fully raised eyebrow, those in good standing- as opposed to those trading on hype- are eyed with iconic-like adoration. From this off polarization comes a new paradigm in which businesses that fully embrace citizenship in the community they serve can forge enduring bonds with customers. Meanwhile, these are precarious times for businesses that choose to ignore consumer's looking at brands from an ethical perspective. More than ever before, what the brand says and what the company does must be synchronized. NBB believes the mandate for corporate social responsibility gains momentum beyond the courtroom to the far more powerful marketplace, any current and future manager of business must realize that business ethics are not so much about the installation of compliance codes and standards as they are about the spirit in which they are integrated. Thus, the modern-day brand steward- usually the most externally focused member of the business management team- must prepare to be the internal champion of the bottom line necessity for ethical, values-driven company behavior. At New Belgium, a synergy of brand and values occurred naturally as the firms ethical culture- in the form of core values and beliefs- and was in place long before NBB had a marketing department. Back in early 1991, New Belgium was just a home-brewed business plan of Jeff Lesbesch, an electrical engineer, and his social worker wife, Kim Jordan. Before they signed any business paperwork, the two took a hike into Rocky Mountain National Park. Armed with a pen, and a notebook they took their first stab at what the fledgling company's core purpose would be. If they were going forward with this venture, what were their aspirations beyond profitability? What was the real root cause of their dream? What they wrote down that spring day, give or take a little wordsmithing, was the core values and beliefs you can read on the NBB website today. More important, ask just about any New Belgium worker, and she or he can list for you many, if not all, these shared values and can inform you which are the most personally poignant. For NBB branding strategies are as rooted in our company values as in other business practices. New Belgium’s Purpose and Core Beliefs New Belgium’s dedication to quality, the environment, and its employees and customers is expressed in its mission statement: â€Å"To operate a profitable brewery which makes our love and talent manifest. † The company’s stated core values and beliefs about its role as an environmentally concerned and socially responsible brewer include: .  ¦ Producing world-class beers .  ¦ Promoting beer culture and the responsible enjoyment of beer .  ¦ Continuous, innovative quality and efficiency improvements .  ¦ Transcending customers’ expectations  ¦ Environmental stewardship: minimizing resource consumption, maximizing energy efficiency, and recycling .  ¦ Kindling social, environmental, and cultural change as a business role model .  ¦ Cultivating potential: through learning, participative management, and the pursuit of opportunities .  ¦ Balancing the myriad needs of the company, staff, and their fami lies .  ¦ Committing ourselves to authentic relationships, communications, and promises .  ¦ Having Fun. Employees, believe that these statements help communicate to customers and ther stakeholders what New Belgium, as a company, is about. These simple values developed 15 years ago are just as meaningful to the company and its customers today even though there has been much growth. Employee Concerns Recognizing employees’ role in the company’s success, New Belgium provides many generous benefits. In addition to the usual paid health and dental insurance and retirement plans, employees get a free lunch every other week as well as a free massage once a year, and they can bring their children and dogs to work. Employees who stay with the company for five years earn an all-expenses paid trip to Belgium to â€Å"study beer culture. † Perhaps most importantly, employees can also earn stock in the privately held corporation, which grants them a vote in company decisions. New Bel-gium’s employees now own one-third of the growing brewery. Open book management lets employees see the financial costs and performance. Environmental Concerns New Belgium’s marketing strategy involves linking the quality of its products, as well as their brand, with the company’s philosophy toward affecting the planet. From leadingedge environmental gadgets and high-tech industry advancements to employeeownership programs and a strong belief in giving back to the community, New Belgium demonstrates its desire to create a living, learning community. NBB strives for cost-efficient energy-saving alternatives to conducting its business and reducing its impact on the environment. In staying true to the company’s core values and beliefs, the brewery’s employee-owners unanimously agreed to invest in a wind turbine, making New Belgium the first fully wind-powered brewery in the United States. Since the switch from coal power, New Belgium has been able to reduce its CO2 emissions by 1,800 metric tons per year. The company further reduces its energy use by employing a steam condenser that captures and reuses the hot water that boils the barley and hops in the production process to start the next brew. The steam is redirected to heat the floor tiles and de-ice the loading docks in cold weather. Another way that NBB conserves energy is by using â€Å"sun tubes,† which provide natural daytime lighting throughout the brew house all year long. New Belgium also takes pride in reducing waste through recycling and creative reuse strategies. The company strives to recycle as many supplies as possible, including cardboard boxes, keg caps, office materials, and the amber glass used in bottling. The brewery also stores spent barley and hop grains in an on-premise silo and invites local farmers to pick up the grains, free of charge, to feed their pigs. NBB even encourages its employees to reduce air pollution by using alternative transportation. As an incentive, NBB gives its employees â€Å"cruiser bikes†Ã¢â‚¬â€ like the one pictured on its Fat Tire Amber Ale label—after one year of employment and encourages them to ride to work. New Belgium has been a long-time participant in green building techniques. With each expansion of the facility they have incorporated new technologies and learned a few lessons along the way. In 2002, NB agreed to participate in the United States Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environment Design for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) pilot program. From sun tubes and daylighting throughout the facility to reusing heat in the brewhouse, they continue to search for new ways to close loops and conserve resources. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle- the three ‘R's of being an environmental steward. The reuse program includes heat for the brewing process, cleaning chemicals, water and much more. Recycling at New Belgium takes on many forms, from turning â€Å"waste† products into something new and useful (like spent grain to cattle feed), to supporting the recycling market in creative ways (like turning their keg caps into table surfaces). They also buy recycled whenever they can, from paper to office furniture. Reduction surrounds them – from motion sensors on the lights throughout the building to induction fans that pull in cool winter air to chill their beer – offsetting their energy needs is the cornerstone to being environmentally efficient. Social Concerns Beyond its use of environment-friendly technologies and innovations, New Belgium Brewing Company strives to improve communities and enhance people’s lives through corporate giving, event sponsorship, and philanthropic involvement. Since its inception, NBB has donated more than 1. million dollars to organizations in the communities in which they do business. For every barrel of beer sold the prior year, NB donates $1 to philanthropic causes within their distribution territory. The donations are divided between states in proportion to their percentage of overall sales. This is their way of staying local and giving back to the communities who support and purchase NB products. In 2006, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Washington and Wyoming received funding. Funding decisions are made by the NB Philanthropy committee, which is comprised of employees throughout the brewery including owners, employee owners, area leaders and production workers. New Belgium looks for non-profit organizations that demonstrate creativity, diversity and an innovative approach to their mission and objectives. The Philanthropy committee also looks for groups that involve the community to reach their goals. NBB also maintains a community bulletin board in its facility where it posts an array of community involvement activities and proposals. This community board allows tourists and employees to see the different ways they can help out the community, and it gives nonprofit organizations a chance to make their needs known. Organizations can even apply for grants through the New Belgium Brewing Company Web site, which has a link designated for this purpose. NBB also sponsors a number of events, with a special focus on those that involve â€Å"human-powered† sports that cause minimal damage to the natural environment. Through event sponsorships, such as the Tour de Fat, NBB supports various environmental, social, and cycling nonprofit organizations. New Belgium also sponsored the MS 150 â€Å"Best Damn Bike Tour,† a two-day, fully catered bike tour, from which all proceeds went to benefit more than five thousand local people with multiple sclerosis. NBB also sponsored the Ride the Rockies bike tour, which donated the proceeds from beer sales to local nonprofit groups. The money raised from this annual event funds local projects, such as improving parks and bike trails. In the course of one year, New Belgium can be found at anywhere from 150 to 200 festivals and events, across all fifteen western states. Organizational Success New Belgium Brewing Company’s efforts to live up to its own high standards have paid off with numerous awards and a very loyal following. It was one of three winners of Business Ethics magazine’s Business Ethics Awards for its â€Å"dedication to environmental excellence in every part of its innovative brewing process. † It also won an honorable mention in the Better Business Bureau’s 2002 Torch Award for Outstanding Marketplace Ethics competition. Kim Jordan and Jeff Lebesch were named the recipients of the Rocky Mountain Region Entrepreneur of the Year Award for manufacturing. The company also captured the award for best mid-sized brewing company of the year and best mid-sized brewmaster at the Great American Beer Festival. In addition, New Belgium took home medals for three different brews, Abbey Belgian Style Ale, Blue Paddle Pilsner, and LaFolie specialty ale. According to David Edgar, director of the Institute for Brewing Studies, â€Å"They’ve created a very positive image for their company in the beer-consuming public with smart decision-making. Although some members of society do not believe that a company whose major product is alcohol can be socially responsible, New Belgium has set out to prove that for those who make a choice to drink responsibly, the company can do everything possible to contribute to society. Its efforts to promote beer culture and the connoisseurship of beer has even led it to design a special â€Å"Worthy Glass,† the shape of which is intended to retain foam, show off color, enhance the visual presentation, an d release aroma. New Belgium Brewing Company also promotes the responsible appreciation of beer through its participation in and support of the culinary arts. For instance, it frequently hosts New Belgium Beer Dinners, in which every course of the meal is served with a complementary culinary treat. According to Greg Owsley Director of Marketing although the Fat Tire brand has a bloodline straight from the enterprise's ethical beliefs and practices, the firm's work is not done. They must continually re-examine ethical, social and environmental responsibilities. In 2004, New Belgium received the Environmental Protection Agency's regional Environmental Achievement Award. It was both an honor and a motivator not to rest on our naturally raised laurels. There are still many ways for NB to improve as a corporate citizen. They still don't produce an organic beer. The manufacturing process is a fair distance from being zero waste or emission free. There will always be a need for more public dialogue on avoiding alcohol abuse. Practically speaking, they have a neverending to-do list. NBB also must acknowledge that as their annual sales increase, the challenges for the brand to remain on a human scale and culturally authentic will increase too. How to boldly grow the brand while maintaining its humble feel has always been a challenge. Every six-pack of New Belgium Beer displays the phrase, â€Å"In this box is our labor of love, we feel incredibly lucky to be creating something fine that enhances people’s lives. † Although Jeff Lebesch has â€Å"semi-retired† from the company to focus on other interests, the founders of New Belgium hope this statement captures the spirit of the company. According to employee Dave Kemp, NBB’s environmental concern and social responsibility give it a competitive advantage because consumers want to believe in and feel good about the products they purchase. NBB’s most important asset is its image—a corporate brand that stands for quality, responsibility, and concern for society. Defining itself as more than just a beer company, the brewer also sees itself as a caring organization that is concerned with all stakeholders, including the community, the environment, and employees. Sources: These facts are from Greg Owsley, â€Å"The Necessity For Aligning Brand With Corporate Ethics,† in Sheb L. True, Linda Ferrell, O. C. Ferrell, â€Å"Fulfiling Our Obligation, Perspectives on Teaching Business Ethics,† Kennesaw State University Press 2005. p. 128-132. New Belgium website http://www. newbelgium. com/sustainability. php. and http://www. newbelgium. com/philanthropy. php. (accessed May 17, 2006) Peter Asmus, â€Å"Goodbye Coal, Hello Wind,† Business Ethics, 13 (July/Aug. 1999): 10–11; Robert Baun, â€Å"What’s in a Name? Ask the Makers of Fat Tire,† [Fort Collins] Coloradoan, Oct. 8, 2000, pp. E1, E3; Rachel Brand, â€Å"Colorado Breweries Bring Home 12 Medals in Festival,† Rocky Mountain News, www. insidedenver. com/news/1008beer6. shtml, (accessed Nov. 6, 2000); Stevi Deter, â€Å"Fat Tire Amber Ale,† The Net Net, www. thenetnet. com/reviews/fat. html (accessed Apr. 29, 2003); DirtWorld. com, www. dirtworld. com/races/Colorado_race745. htm (accessed Nov. 6, 2000); Robert F. Dwyer and John F. Tanner Jr. , Business Marketing (Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1999), p. 04; â€Å"Fat Tire Amber Ale,† Achwiegut (The Guide to Austrian Beer), www. austrianbeer. com/beer/b000688. shtml, (accessed Jan. 19, 2001); â€Å"Four Businesses Honored with Prestigious International Award for Outstanding Marketplace Ethics,† Better Business Bureau, press release, Sept. 23, 2002, www. bbb. org/alerts/2002torchwinners. asp; Del I. Hawkins, Roger J. Best, and Kenneth A. Coney, Consumer Behavior: Buil ding Marketing Strategy, 8th ed. (Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2001); David Kemp, Tour Connoisseur, New Belgium Brewing Company, personal interview by Nikole Haiar, Nov. 1, 2000, 1:00 PM; Julie Gordon, â€Å"Lebesch Balances Interests in Business, Community,† Coloradoan, Feb. 26, 2003; New Belgium Brewing Company, Ft. Collins, CO, www. newbelgium. com (accessed Apr. 29, 2003); New Belgium Brewing Company Tour by Nikole Haiar, Nov. 20, 2000, 2:00 PM; â€Å"New Belgium Brewing Wins Ethics Award,† Denver Business Journal, Jan. 2, 2003, http://denver. bizjournals. com/denver/stories/2002/12/30/daily21. html; and Dan Rabin, â€Å"New Belgium Pours It on for Bike Riders,† Celebrator Beer News, Aug. /Sept. 1998, www. celebrator. com/9808/rabin. html

Victim of Boarding House

Nurbani Trisna Wardhani 10/297584/SA/15201 In this â€Å"Boarding House†, a short story form James Joyce, I think the character that becomes the victim is Mr. Doran. At the first the story tells about Mrs. Mooney who had been lived separated with his drunkard husband and built up a boarding house. She lived there with her two children, Jack and Polly. In another angle, we can see Mrs. Mooney boarding house is actually a ‘tool’ that was used by Mrs. Mooney to look for an ideal husband for Polly. Also read Boarding Schools Should Be AbolishedShe tried some ways to get a man with good financial to be Polly’s husband before. She sent Polly to be a typist in a corn-factor’s office in purpose to make bosses fell in love with Polly. Nevertheless, Polly was been flirted by a disreputable sheriff’s man, so Mrs. Mooney took Polly back to the boarding house and asked her to do house work. One day she thought to send Polly back to typewriting, but suddenly she knew that there was something between Polly and one of her guest in boarding house, Mr.Doran. Mr. Doran is a man in about thirty-four or thirty five of age. He is a religious man who worked in the Catholic wine merchant office. Mrs. Mooney used Polly’s innocent to become a bait to get Mr. Doran got into her trap. She had already known that Mr. Doran was a man who lived in religious culture in Dublin and always obeyed the church rules, so she set that Mr. Doran slept with Polly. By doing this, Mr. Doran had a religious sin and felt guilty.The only compensation for this sin in this society is marriage, and Mrs. Mooney utilized this. Mr. Doran was hesitated, would he marry her or run away. Nevertheless, he was afraid to lose his job and the church, this is one of reasons he would not run away. At last he chose to marry Polly, because in other hand he remembered by her kind to him. Although, in his thought perhaps he really loved Polly. He imagined they would have a happy life if they married perhaps.

OPERATIONS MANGEMENT PROJECT- NEW BUSINESS Assignment

OPERATIONS MANGEMENT PROJECT- NEW BUSINESS - Assignment Example The company will first target supermarkets and large retail stores and building management business so as to establish a solid base of clients in Dubai. TESCO Security Company will carefully increase its employee base of security guards, basing on the contracts of clients, and employ both part-time and full-time security guards. The business anticipates good amount of sales during the first one year, and almost double by the end of the third year. Gross margins will be same to the average of the industry, basing on the security guard labor costs vs. billings. After launching the initial investment, a lean first year, and the formation of a training space and office in the second year, the company will be on the edge of expanding through its own internal source of finance after the end of three years. After the business is proved to be successful in other cities, the business may sell its shares to provide an exit strategy for the original founders and investors. TESCO Security will eliminate worries for customers who needs security guards for their facilities, buildings, and events by offering excellent customer services for customers and comprehensive training for their staff Intrinsic forecasting technique ­- comprises of qualitative and quantitative methods. In qualitative method, forecasting is based on subjective method in case of qualitative data is absent. It is based on opinions, best guesses and personal judgment. Contrary, quantitative forecasting is based on formulas and mathematical models. This model believes that what happened in the past will likely happen in the future. The ability to carry out accurate forecasting affects the profitability of our business. Furthermore, the ability to enhance the demand forecasting for client demand then sharing the information downstream allows effective arrangement and

Environmental Science - population management Essay

Environmental Science - population management - Essay Example Nature can only sustain us for so long; although its resources do regenerate to a certain degree, humans have to consider the stress sustained to the environment because of our increasing numbers. Our dangerously limited carrying capacity is having an adverse effect on natural resources, thereby necessitating population management through such policies as adaptive management. Carrying capacity of the world is quickly coming to a dangerous level. Advanced technology and new scientific breakthroughs have provided a quality of life hard to give up in the developed and stable parts of the world. With increased resources, conveniences, and various other means of enjoyment at our finger tips, we have become accustomed and even dependent on such lifestyles. Humans are continuing to multiply, all the while abusing resources and depleting and consuming them at an alarming rate. The increased consumption of natural resources is not only putting a strain on the environment but also causing mult iple global issues. For example, increased consumption in only the industrialized countries of the world, has contribute more than 40% global carbon emissions and over 60% carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion in the atmosphere (Global Population and Environment). The use of fossil energy like, oil, gas, and coal, has led to an increase in economy and quality of life propelling population growth and in turn reinforcing increased consumption in a vicious cycle (Pimentel et. al.). Also, all over the world, increased land, water, and biological consumption have caused serious strains on natural resources. The continuous use of land for agricultural purposes to support our dietary needs has led to the loss of sustainable land due to degradation and erosion (Pimentel et. al.). The increased erosion rates have resulted in poor soil quality, lower nutrient levels and decreased soil renewal. This has led to food shortages in the developing nations, giving rise to diseases and malnutrit ion. Increased water consumption and urbanization patterns have led to the scarcity of clean drinking water. This shortage is further propelled by the depletion and slow recharge rate of groundwater and increased water pollution through toxic and agricultural wastes (Pimentel et. al.). Lastly, humans are also dependent on other species to maintain the growth and function of ecosystems around the world. Due to our increased pollution, degradation of land, and deforestation, we have significantly destroyed and decreased earth’s biodiversity (Pimentel et. al.). Population increase has led to the very destruction of the environment and natural resources we are highly dependent on. When looking at population management, the maximum sustainable yield has to be greatly considered. There is a limit to how much nature can yield, such as water, energy, and various biological resources, before it is exhausted and depleted. Populations are increasing worldwide and putting a strain on the environment’s sustainability. For example, despite China’s one child policy by the government, its inhabitants are still growing at an annual rate of approximately 1.2% (Pimentel et. al.)The environment does not have unlimited resources at its disposable with which to sustain and provide for us. The rates at which these resources are being used up far exceed the speed at which they are recycled, regenerated, and recovered. It only took forty years since 1950 for the human population to double from 2.5 to 5 billion (Population Growth Over Human History).

Strategic Management of publically lisied company Essay

Strategic Management of publically lisied company - Essay Example The objective of the study is to measure Apple Inc’s current challenges and their strategies to cope up with them. Strategic analysis is the method of conducting research on a company’s internal and external business environment in which it operates, in order to formulate a suitable strategy (Rigby, 2001). There are a number of tools of strategic analysis such as PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, Porters five forces, Value chain analysis which will be described in details in context of Apple Corporation. Additionally, strategic planning involves defining the company’s mission, goals and objectives which initiates effective strategy formulation (Luo, 2008). Also, the viability of Apple Inc’s current strategy and recommended strategies depending on its business environment will be evaluated in details through this study. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities and provides a view of a company’s current and could-be position. SWOT analysis is conducted to evaluate Apple Inc’s current position and strategies with respect to its internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) environment (Cravens, Piercy & Baldauf, 2009). PEST stands for political, economic, social and technological factors which are macro-environmental factors that affect the decision making and strategy formulation of an organization (Cravens, Piercy & Baldauf, 2009). In case of Apple Inc., this analysis will help to analyze the current and projected position of the company. Political factors- In the recent years, 52% of Apples sales were outside America and it also manufactures many of its goods outside the country (Barney, 2001). Political conflicts in any of the countries such as China, Korea and Ireland in which it operates will have terrible effects on the business of Apple Inc. Economic factors- The economic depression can result to a wide

How technolgy and information system asserts commercial and industrial Essay

How technolgy and information system asserts commercial and industrial trade - Essay Example technologies and how these in unison with each other form the rationale for the exact basis of the changing business trends, ever so often adopted fads and so on and so forth. (Fitzgerald, 2000) It is quite possible to think of the changing technological regimes in the context of present day business scenarios but when one looks at them from a global standpoint, the ideology related with the technological market can be nothing else but considered flawed in the real sense of the word. For this not to happen, one needs to study the technological angles that are set in individual countries and then categorize them with the regional or on a broader context, continental basis. After this has happened, one could go on and introduce the respective technology on a worldwide footing. All this needs proper understanding of business insights, foreseeable changes in the related scheme of things and a general know-how with regards to the strategies, tactics and activities that an industrial trade or commerce entity would entail whilst keeping in mind the entire business perspective. Technology is advancing at a rapid speed and due to this factor, the business perspectives need to be aligned with these regimes so that in the end there is a complete mesh between the technological advancements and the manner in which they are exploited upon by the commerce and industrial circles, both at the client side as well as the ones who are designing for it, i.e., the advertising agency. (Streeter, 2000) The changes have happened not only on the scientific advancements’ side but also at the forefront of business scenarios which have seemingly changed their stance towar ds the improved and enhanced technologies with the passage of time. However this requires a special effort from the people who are at the helm of affairs within the commerce and industrial circles relating that with the technological settings since this aligning is so very vital to the overall effect and the consequences

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Humanities - Essay Example The Literature is a long and complex and tackles a combination of themes centered on the limits of the human knowledge, the origin of the human ideas as well as religion and morality (Ben-Chaim). The literature presents a theory of belief and knowledge that was established on the principle that most human feelings or ideas are normally obtained through experience. In particular, he names describes this phenomenon as the â€Å"tabula rasa† or the black slate philosophy. This philosophy presumes that human beings are born with a blank mind that is almost similar to a white sheet of paper. However, the various experiences that human beings normally face when growing up serves to fill up the blank min with new thoughts and ideas. In this literature, Locke contests Descartes idea that human ideas are innate. He asserts that most human thoughts cannot be considered as correct unless there is another explanation for the same idea. This means that the fact that two or more individuals can have the same thoughts pertaining to a given situation, their thoughts is not necessary correct (Newman). He explains that understanding is what sets man above the rest of all other sensible beings, which further confers him all the advantage and dominion that he has over them. This therefore implies that human beings are rational agents capable of choice and, hence, acting responsibly. He therefore insisted that learning should be made pleasant so as to facilitate the acquisition of new and meaningful experience bearing in mind that the formation of character for an individual is deemed as very crucial than just mere information (Ward). Indeed, in his paper, Locke further argued that the both human adults and children tend to share a common disposition that motivates them to pursue pleasure while avoiding painful experiences. Moreover, he also presented that there are no innate moral ideas; instead, human knowledge consists only

Labour market analysis report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Labour market analysis - Lab Report Example All these factors combined are evidence of good business that will keep on going and of a healthy national coffer that will stay as strong and full as ever. In front of these backdrops are the fruits that will be reaped at the end of the day. As a matter of course, employment and salaries will increase and consumer spending will immensely rise. The foregoing premises have to be laid down because this report will proceed with the labor market specifics of a certain business domain and it is basic knowledge that any financial dynamic moves hand-in-hand with the issue of jobs. In particular, reference is made to the Coles Supermarkets chain. For brevity, it is here referred to as Coles. Any projection presumed in the instant report is pegged constantly at five (5) years. There are two parts here which are divided into two tasks. The first one will be on labor market analysis which will comprise of the performance criteria (1) to determine predicted areas of organizational growth and downsizing and associated labor requirements, (2) to analyze the organization’s current workforce capacity to meet current predicted demands for the goods and services of the business, (3) to research and review current and predicted external labor supply, demographic and economic data, and to forecast human resources supply, (4) to determine the organizational diversity requirements in the workforce, and (5) to make the necessary recommendations for workforce planning. The second part of the report pertains to (1) succession planning and workforce plan evaluation, and (2) developing a succession plan which addresses internal labor needs in the medium to long term requirements, utilizing succession planning principles with an incorporated retention plan. Coles has seven hundred forty (740) stores all over Australia. It has a workforce consisting of about ninety two thousand (92,000) employees.5 This is a relatively large organization.

Puppet Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Puppet Project - Assignment Example The children that I worked with really liked making Jacob, the lion, and were making suggestions on what he should look like. They even tried the puppet on used it and made more puppets. Puppets are for learning and having fun while learning. Puppetry is a form of creative art where stitchery, weaving, painting, drawing and even mobiles can be used all together to improve children’s learning in all facets of school and home issues. Cognitive- The child will learn how to use language to express themselves through the use of puppets and stories they make up themselves. They will use their thinking skills to make their puppets, think of a story, and use their puppet to present a short play to the class. Social- The child will interact with other children while making the puppet and putting on their own puppet shows. The child will be able to start discussions and learn to follow-through till the project is completed. The child will be learning proper conversation skills. Emotional- The child will learn how to express themselves through the use of these puppets. The child overcome shyness, attention-problems and will be able to complete project to completion and make friends. Physical- The child will improve their manual dexterity when using their hands and arms to manipulate the puppets mouth. They will also in some cases learn to control their whole bodies to contol puppet depending on the size of the puppet. The will also improve hand-eye coordination when the

Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Analysis - Essay Example The story is set in an unspecified island and the significance of the dog training center to the story is minimal except that a puppy is brought into the picture in the later conversations. The inn itself is a studio cum home for the owner, an artist influenced by the French master Matisse’s work. This influence is conveyed subtly through the interior dà ©cor that reminds one of a woman’s womb and other symbols of female organs. The connection between the interior dà ©cor of the studio and the dog training center as seen from inside the inn is as enigmatic as the relationship between a man and a woman, as can be seen shortly. â€Å"Origin of the world† (para.10) is how the artistic shape given to the copper wire covering to the naked bulb on the table lamp described by the female companion of the couple. There was no discussion preceding this statement except that they were looking at the lamp from all angles trying to unravel the mystery of its shape. Again the statement, â€Å"Old enough† (para.13) is full of mischievous meaning that recurs at the end of the story (para.28) to inform the readers of casual encounters between strangers and travelers. â€Å"Beware.† (para.20) is the direct but still enigmatic reference to the growing interest between the inn owner and the male traveler. Sign boards, interior dà ©cor, dogs that attack are the symbols that are enigmatically used to create awareness of the risks of casual physical relationships. Just as careless approach to the dog center can expose one to serious risks, so does a casual physical relationship. Both are to be approached with caution and precaution. The influence of the beautiful female form either on artists or others is universal but comes with associated risks, says the author. Ann DeWitt scripts a beautiful and powerful story full of enigma, symbolism and pithy sentences to drive home the

Development of English Lit During Any One Period Essay Example for Free

Development of English Lit During Any One Period Essay Trace the development of English lit during any one periodAs part of your discussion highlight how significant events in the influence the writingAdditionally show how characteristics of the genre the writer uses reflects the period in which it was written. James Arthur Baldwin once stated that: know from whence you came. If you know whence you came, there are absolutely no limitations to where you can go. This quotation may apply to the span of the Anglo-Saxon period because of the coherent linkage to the origination of the English dialect and the modernization of English Literature. Over the years English literature has evolved greatly. There have been diverse changes to the structure and development of English language since the advent of Old English dialect during the Anglo-Saxon period to what we now speak and consider to be English language. â€Å"Old English is not uniform. It consists of various dialects, but literature needs to treat it as a language† (Michael Delahoyde.) Research has proven that around the world there are over one hundred (100) variants of English, from different American-English dialects, to those of Asia, Africa and Oceana. It is important for one to know both the origin of this powerful masterpiece known as the English Language and the importance of this literary period to the development of English literature. In attempting to do the aforementioned, the focus will be on the Anglo-Saxon people, their society, culture, and literary work with a view towards highlighting the impact on the development of the English language and English literature. The Anglo-Saxon or Old English period goes from the invasion of Celtic England in the first half of the fifth century (AD 700) up till the conquest in 1066 by William of Normandy. The Anglo-Saxons consisted of diverse ethnicity that forms one nation. There were three main ethnic groups that formed the Anglo-Saxon. These are: Angles from Angel in South-West Denmark, Saxon from North-West Ger many, and Jute from Jutland in Central Denmark. These three main ethnic groups have made up most of the Anglo-Saxon society. However; smaller group of people from Germanic ethnic group were also associated with the Anglo-Saxons. These people shared the same language but were each ruled by different strong warriors who invaded and conquered Britain while the Romans were still in control. The Angles and the Saxon tribe being the largest of the groups when attacking other ethnic groups were often called the Anglo-Saxons. England which means the Land of the Angles was a name given after the Anglo-Saxon. A writer describes them as: â€Å"A warrior society that put swords and shields before fancy artifacts. Helmets were placed before gold and death before dishonour.† The Anglo-Saxon was a pagan society and the people were initially free; however, life for even the richest of the social groups was very hard. The Anglo-Saxon society had three social classes. There was an upper-class, middle class and a lower class. The Anglo-Saxon upper class was the Thanes. They would give gifts like weapons to their followers and they enjoyed hunting and feasting. The churls were the middle class in the Anglo-Saxon Society. Some churls were wealthy people while some were very poor. The lower class was slaves called Thralls. The churls and the Thanes were owners of Land. However, some churls had to rent land from a Thane. They would then work the Thane land for part of the week and give him part of their crops in exchange for rent. â€Å"The basis of society was the free peasant. However in time Anglo-Saxon churls began to lose their freedom. They became increasingly dependent on their Lords and under their control (Tim Lambert.) Researches have indicated that most Anglo-Saxons were primitive subsistence farmers. It has also being proven that some of the men were craftsmen. The farmers grew wheat, barley, peas, cabbage, carrots, rye and parsnip. They reared animals such as pigs, cattle and flocks of sheep. The craftsmen were blacksmith, bronze smith, jewelers and potters. Their homes were made with wood and have thatched roofs. Anglo-Saxon society was decidedly patriarchal, but women were in some ways better off than they would be in later times. â€Å"A woman could own property in her own right. She could and did rule a kingdom if her husband died. She could not be married without her consent and any personal goods, including lands that she brought into a marriage remained her own property. If she were injured or abused in her marriage her relatives were expected to look after her interests† (David Ross.) The women were responsible for grounding of grains, baking of bread, brewing of beer, making of butter and cheese. During this era it was dangerous to travel; thus, most people would travel only if it was unavoidable. If possible they would travel by water along the coast or along the river. During the early Anglo-Saxon period England was a very different place from what it is today. The human population was very small. They grew their own food and made their own clothes†¦ The lord and kin had the strongest ties in the Anglo-Saxon society. The ties of loyalty were to the person of a lord. There was no real concept of patriotism or loyalty to a cause. â€Å"Kings could not, except in exceptional circumstances, make new laws. Their role instead was to uphold and clarify previous custom. The first act of a conquering king was often to assure his subjects that he would uphold their ancient privileges, laws, and customs† (David Ross.) One of the most famous kings during the Anglo-Saxon period was Ethelberht, king of Kent (reigned c.560-616). He married Bertha, the Christian daughter of the king of Paris, and who became the first English king to be converted to Christianity. â€Å"Ethelberhts law code was the first to be written in any Germanic language and included 90 laws. His influence extended both north and south of the river Humber: his nephew became king of the East Saxons.† (The Royal Household) Kinship was very important in the Anglo-Saxon society. If you were killed your relatives would avenge you. If one of your relatives were killed you were expected to avenge them. However the law did offer an alternative. If you killed or injured somebody you could pay them or their family compensation. This led to bloody and extensive feuds. The money paid was called wergild and it set a monetary value on each persons life according to their wealth and social status. The wergild for killing a thane was much more than that for killing a churl. Thralls or slaves had no wergild. If the wergild was not paid the relatives were entitled to seek revenge. The wergild value could also be used to set the fine payable if a person was injured or offended against. Robbing a thane called for a higher penalty than robbing a churl. On the other hand, a thane who thieves could pay a higher fine than a churl who did likewise. The Anglo-Saxons enjoyed storytelling, riddles and games. Most Anglo-Saxon poetry emerges from an oral tradition and was meant for entertainment. These works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chroni cles, riddles, and others. Poets were known as Scops and harpists Gleemen. They would sing or recite and were the only historians of the time. The poetic structure was based on accent and alliteration (not rhyme and meter). The minstrels and gleemen would entertain the lord and his men by singing and playing the harp. Michael Delahoyde from Washington State University stated in an argument that â€Å"We get our syntax from the Anglo-Saxons, our preference for and greater ease with nouns, the tendencies to simplify grammar and shorten words, and the law of recessive accent the tendency to place the accent on the first syllable and to slur over subsequent syllables. The poem Beowulf, which has achieved national epic status in England and Judith, are among the most important works of this period. Other writings such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are significant to the study of the era, as it provides preserving chronology of early English history, while the poem Cà ¦dmons Hymn to date survives as the oldest ext ant work of literature in English. Researchers have suggested that there are twelve known medieval poets as most Old English poets are anonymous. Only four of those are known by their vernacular works to us today with any certainty: Caedmon, Bede, Alfred the Great, and Cynewulf. Of these, only Caedmon, Bede, and Alfred the Great have known biographies. The epic Beowulf reflects the era that it was written in greatly as it speaks immensely about pagan deities, a Christian tradition and about a warrior society. A writer describes it as â€Å"the symbol of the antiquity and continuity of English poetry.† â€Å"Several features of Beowulf folktale and the sense of sorrow for the passing of worldly things mark it as elegiac†¦The Germanic tribal society is indeed central to Beowulf. The tribal lord was to ideals of extraordinary martial valor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (David Damrosch, pg 27). The poet careful use of varied themes and techniques such as alliterations â€Å"as a structural principle† (pg27), litotes, compound words, repetitions, nobility, heroic glory and distribution of gifts highlighted the way and life of t he people of that era. Beowulf highlighted the Christian traditional beliefs of the Anglo-Saxons people by pin pointing the beliefs that God is the creator of all things and the ruler of the heavens. Throughout Beowulf, whenever any great men manage to achieve heroic feats, the narrator will be careful to attribute their prowess to Gods favor and divine plan. â€Å"He knew what they had toiled, the long times and troubles theyd come through without a leader; so the Lord of Life, the glorious Almighty, made this man renowned.† (Beowulf 12-17) Beowulf complex religious background reflected the era of the Anglo-Saxon people. The description of the creation shows an unusual mishmash with the pagan imagery of the demonic beast â€Å"Grendel† and the Christian imagery of a caring God that creates all things. â€Å"Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet telling with mastery of mans beginnings, how the Almighty had made the earth a gleaming plain girdled with waters; in His splendour He set the sun and th e moon to be earths lamplight, lanterns for men, and filled the broad lap of the world with branches and leaves; and quickened life in every other thing that moved.† (86-98). Beowulf invokes the values of the warrior society of the Anglo- Saxon period in several ways. During the Anglo-Saxon period the relationship between the warrior and his lord consisted of mutual trust; loyalty, and respect. There was a symbolic importance of spiritual materials which entails giving of honour/worth, and the value of ultimate achievements which was a visible proof that all parties are realizing themselves to the fullest in a spiritual sense. These values are all highlighted in the epic Beowulf. Beowulf also reflected the value of kinsmen to exact wergild (man-price) or to take vengeance for their kinsmens death. The need to take vengeance created never-ending feuds, bloodshed, a vast web of reprisals and counter-reprisals (a strong sense of doom). These aspects of the Anglo-Saxon warrior society was highlighted in a fatal evil aspect one of such was Grendel and the dragon in undertaking to slay Grendel, and later Grendels mother, Beowulf is testing his relationship with unknowable destiny. Whether he lives or dies, he will have done all that any warrior would do during that period. The oldest surviving vernacular text in English is called Hymn and was written by Caedmon who is best-known and considered the father of Old English poetry. This poem is an example of pagan and Christian fusion in order to promote Christian themes in a pagan society. Caedmon’s hymn is recorded in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica, and marks the beginning of tremendous developments within textual transmission and the heroic genre itself. â€Å"Caedmon’s Hymn may be regarded as an early forerunner of the dream vision narrative. This style of poetry is formulated by an individual who has experienced a dreamlike revelation within which they are guided by an authoritative figure; in Caedmon’s case this figure being God. The â€Å"hero† discussed within the poem is perhaps unconventional in modern terms, but just as the Gods of classical literature were seen as heroes within their cultural context, so too does the Christian God in Caedmon’s Hymn represent a hero to the people of Caedmon’s culture. The poem features heavy use of stylistic features archetypal of Anglo-Saxon poetry.† (Tiarnan O Sullivan.) Caedmon had lived at the abbey of Whitby in Northumbria in the 7th century. Only a single nine-line poem remains. â€Å"Now let us praise the Guardian of the Kingdom of Heaven Works Cited The Anglo-Saxon Kings. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Overview.aspx. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. New World Encyclopedia. N.p., 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Anglo-Saxon_Poetry. Baldwin, James A. à ¢Ã‚€Å“Know from Whence You Came. If You Know Whence You Came, There Are Absolutely No Limitations to Where You Can Go.à ¢Ã‚€Â . Goodreads. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/14373-know-from-whence-you-came-if-you-know-whence-you. Beowulf. Beowulf. Georgetown University, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/iacd_99F/medieval_lit/data/Beowulf.htm. Damrosch, David. Beowulf. The Longman Anthology of British Literature.

Review of Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste

Review of Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste Apurva Patel, Prof. Nimish Shah Abstract: Copper is one of the most used metals in recent developments and demand of this red metal is increasing with passing of each day. Production of copper is 12 million tons per year and copper reserves are expected to run for 25 years with the estimated world copper reserves of 300 million tons. Recovery of copper from metallurgical waste is a trend that is being followed from beginning of industrial age and has many developments over a large time frame. Out of all the copper used in existing process, 2 million tons of copper is utilized with recycling of copper waste. India has limited copper ore reserve contributing about 2 percent of world reserves. We can say that copper has a large amount at our reserves but excavation is not as simple as it seems. Copper content in the raw mines is ranging from 0.5 to 1 percent. Even after recovery of copper there is large waste generated at the end of the process. Copper content in the waste is up to 0.3 percent at the discharge. Ultima tely around hundred times of waste is generated for recovery of one part of copper. That pushes forward the need of recycling copper from metallurgical waste to cater the need of increasing copper demand. Copper recovery from high copper containing metallurgical wastes like brass industries are generally dealt with smelting process. In such case large amount of energy is utilized to just melt down all the material. This process has a limitation of copper content i.e. if copper content is low then all the energy is utilized in melting of undesired material. Demand for electroplating of copper has increased significantly. Low efficiency or improper process handling causes remarkably high copper content in waste discharge, which is over the range of discharge criteria of heavy metals. So to control the increasing price of metals and to limit the use of fresh copper, recycling must be done so the recovery from waste also gives the advantage of being in range of the allowable government legislations. Though these hazardous heavy metals in electroplating waste having concentration high enough to give harmful impacts to environment but convincingly low concentration that is not enough to recover these metals effectively. In this paper, an overview of different methods for copper recovery is illustrated and justified the selection of different methods over different copper content of various sources. Keywords— Copper extraction, Copper recovery, Electroplating, Recycling, I. INTRODUCTION Increasing demand of copper gives elevated chances for generating copper waste from different industries. There are thousands number of industries existing which includes utilization or processing of copper. In this paper, review of several most copper containing waste and most optimum copper recovery methods are described. Waste source is targeted which gives better possibilities of copper recovery and ease of operation. Several metallurgical source like; bronze scrap, copper converter slag, electroplating waste, and pickling solution is included in the study. II. Different copper source and recovery methods Recovery from copper slag There are different verities of slag produced from smelters for non-ferrous production. Major emphasis is given to copper slag as it has equal to or higher copper content compared to raw copper ore. Generation and utilization of copper slag has higher environment impacts compared to steel and iron slag as they contain remarkable quantity of heavy metals with higher solubility. Chemical composition of copper slag varies with different origins. Chemical composition is given as per work of Shen Forssberg in table 1. TABLE I Chemical composition of copper slag Elements (Percentage) Cu 0.6-3.2 Fe 32.7-37.3 SiO2 32.5-37.3 Al2O3 2.4-4.0 CaO 1.8-7.5 MgO 1.6-4.0 S 0.5-1.0 There are specific three methods to recover copper from copper slag; Floatation, Leaching and Roasting Floatation: Barnes has given industrial floatation process at Mount Isa Mines Limited to recover copper from copper slag. Grinding operation is applied until obtain the granular size of 80%- 74  µm before floatation. Floatation is also feasible for magnetite present in the raw copper slag, so hydroxy ethyl cellulose is used in the process as a depressant of magnetite impurities. MIBC is used in the process as froather agent and sodium sec-butyl xanthate is used as a collector of copper from the waste. The result of this process gives concentrate grade copper with high percentage as 42.54%. Overall yield of such process is 82%. This experiment is observed for copper slag containing 3.7% copper. In this experiment most of Co is observed with floatation tail. Mainly, copper slag floatation is somewhat similar with sulfide ore floatation because of the fact that only metallic copper and sulfide minerals from the copper slag can only be effectively floated. In other slag copper is usually observed under oxide state and Co and Ni are also in oxide state because of its homogeneous distribution in the slag. So the stated method will not be utilized effectively with Co, Ni and oxide copper state. Therefore the span for the floatation process is reduced in size as less quantity of Co, Ni must be present in the slag or copper must not be in the form of oxide. Leaching: Basire and Anand described leaching thoroughly about its use and study over some leachants mainly hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride, ammonia, and sulfuric acid. In the initial era cyanide was also used but it was terminated because of its harmful effects to environment. Leaching is positively influenced by addition of H2O2, or leaching with Cl2/Cl system, or pressure leaching. Figure 1 shows effect of H2O2 on leaching of copper based on the experiments of Base metal recovery. Figure 1. Kinetics of copper recovery Graph showing metal recovery with highly oxidising agent like H2SO4 for copper slag. Experiment is carried out with 10% solid in solution and particle size less than 100  µm. Experiment is carried out at 70 oC and pH maintained at 2.5 with applied H2O2 at 35 L/(h.t) Pressure leaching has broadly described by Anand, shows that with pressure leaching and use of dilute H2SO4 recovery of copper about 90% achieved from copper converter slag from the initial concentration of 4.03% Cu. Roasting: Roasting is actually one intermediate step which involves the process for converting the copper in desired form that can be easily separated from the raw material. After application of roasting, Leaching or floatation must be used to achieve desired separation. If we narrow down the process criteria then we can say a lot more specific term as sulfate roasting instead of roasting. In this process conversion of cupper cobalt ant nickel is taking place and transformed into more feasible soluble sulfates. Raw material is processed at 200-600 oC by addition of sulfide or sulfate agents. Then these soluble sulfates are dissolved in water and easily separated from slag. Some of the agents used in the process are, (NH3)SO4, H2SO4, H2S, pyrite etc. Sulfurization reactions are summarized as bellow. Cu2O + H2S à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Cu2S + H2O †¦(1) 2Cu + H2S +  ½ O2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Cu2S + H2O †¦(2) Sulfides of copper are then easily converted to soluble copper sulfate with roasting at 600oC. Ziyadanogullari used this method to treat copper slag containing 2.4% copper. By sulfurization in closed system with 140oC for 1 hour and then heating and roasting with 600oC for 360 minutes gives better result for recovery of copper up to 99.2%. Copper recovery from bronze scrap Bronze is the mixture of copper, lead and tin. Vast numbers of studies are going on as well as succeeded for recovering copper from brass scrap. Ludovicus produced black copper by reducing scrap at 1300oC after melting at 1180oC. After recovery of black copper oxygen gas is supplied in ample amount with a view to oxidize all metal impurities and obtained anode grade copper. Morsi and Rabah have studied different parameters for recovery of copper by melting the bronze scrap. They obtained bronze scrap which comprise of chips, turnings and pieces ranging from 1-5 mm in size from El-Maady Co. for Engineering Industries, Cairo, Egypt. Experimental work uses a computerized heating mechanism with silicon carbide-heated muffle furnace. With operating temperature of 1600oC slag generated contains tin and lead that is continuously skimmed off with a view to eliminate the possibility of joining the slag to molten copper. Slag generated from the process also has small copper content which is re covered by acid leaching to increase overall yield. Experiment is carried out by Morasi and Rabah at different temperatures and copper content with overall yield is measured at 15 and 30 minutes. Figure 2 Effect of temperature on obtained copper alloy Figure 2 enlightens the behavior of copper residue and composition of the same. Experiment is carried out at 1150oC, 1200oC, 1250oC and 1300oC and at time interval of 15 and 30 minutes. As we can see with increasing time recovery is increased but behavior of recovery is same. Overall yield is decreased with increasing time because more amount of metal is being dragged with slag formation. Removal of lead and tin from slag is favored by addition of copper sulfide with provision of air which convert impurities into sulfides and pushes forward the percentage amount of impurities into slag and increased recovery of copper in residue. Addition of 10-20 percent copper sulfide reduces up to 10 percent lead and 8 percent tin in copper residue. Recovery of copper is 96.2% with combination of acid leaching from the generated slag. Recovery of copper from pickling solution. Like every common metal, brass also has a tendency to corrode. Corrosion of brass takes place by contacting the outer surface to air. Corrosion of brass looks like black coating on the outer surface and it is called tarnish. This coating in non beneficial in any condition so it must be removed. Removal of corrosion includes dipping brass metal in dilute sulfuric acid solution, which is used for a long time before it finds its way to discharge. This utilization over a long period of time enriches the dilute solution with valuable metals such as copper, zinc, chromium etc. This heavy metal enriched mild acid solution is called waste pickle solution. Because of its environmental hazards it cannot be disposed off without removing toxicity. Recovery of copper is a coincidence that will make disposal waste under legislative limits and will provide economical benefit by recovering valuable metals. Pickling solution has a base of mild sulfuric acid and has the highest percentage around 45.1 g/L of H2SO4 in the same. It has around 25 g/L Zn and 35 g/L Cu(II), and other negligible impurities like chromium, iron and nickel. First using equal volume of TEHA (tri (2-ethylhexyl) amine) extractor acid is being removed with formation of immiscible layer over organic layer and can be easily removed from the mixture. Copper and zinc may be present in the sulfate form as no part of any metal is observed in the extracted acid and TEHA has less affinity towards sulfates of copper and zinc. This acid free pickle liquor is used with other extractors like Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272[bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-phosphinic acid] for recovery of copper and zinc. Kerosene is used as diluents in the solvent extraction. pH of Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272 is having higher influence on extraction. Increasing Ph resulting in increment of metal extraction and at 5 pH and 30% Versatic acid concent ration all the copper is extracted. Whereas, zinc extraction is observed above pH 5 and is completely extracted in organic phase at pH 7.0. III. Copper recovery with electroplating With a specific type of waste that has copper in isolated pure form this technique can be used. A new idea is generated for separation of copper from waste like alloy waste brass industries waste, electrical waste etc. Tank is filled with electrolyte like zonax, copper sulfate etc. The idea is to provide continuous separation from raw material and to facilitate collection of nearly 100 percent pure copper. New type of vessel needs to be developed which has stainless steel base that can be acting like cathode and a receiver anode needs to be in center of tank. Outside walls must be made up of insulating material or at-least needs to have insulation over the wall to isolate human contact by accident during the process. Figure 3 electroplating for copper recovery Figure is showing the possible assembly of electroplating mechanism for semi continuous copper recovery. Copper in the raw material comes with contact of electric field applied across the length of the assembly. Copper in the electrolytic solution first separated and settled on anode. By this, copper-ion deficiency is generated in the solution. To mitigate the deficiency, copper from the raw material comes in to electrolytic solution and completes the chain reaction. Pure copper sulfate and zonax solutions are not conductors of electricity. For ease of operation pure water needs to be added to convert ions from the solution. Because of water addition now electrolytic solution has H+ ions and by getting enough electricity they will convert into hydrogen gas and applied electricity cannot be used efficiently. This apparatus can be operated within range of 2-12V. Above this range H2 will start to consume additional energy. Higher the applied amperes better the rate of deposition of copper from the raw material. Rate of deposition can be calculated by equation given by Michal faraday, i.e. W=(I.T.A)/(Z.F) where, W is the weight of copper deposited, I is the amount of current applied (amp), T is the amount of time for which current supplied, A is the atomic weight of substance, Z is vacancy and F is faraday constant 96,500 coulombs. For selection of electrolyte free electrons play vital role. General electrolyte as copper sulfate has higher efficiency for electroplating then zonax, but zonax is mono-valance electrolyte and less electricity is utilized for almost double copper extraction compared to copper sulfate. IV. Conclusion For efficient recovery of copper from various source first type of source and form in which copper is present must be determined. Floatation is not the most accurate and efficient method for separation of copper but it is widely used for primary separation of copper and for concentrating the raw copper for other applicable process like smelting. Leaching of copper is the most widely used and efficient copper removal process but it must be followed by electroplating of iron addition process to obtain pure copper. Some parameters like pH and temperature of leachant must be observed and needs to be carefully maintained. Roasting is also a two step process in which copper is converted to more feasible sulfate form and can be easily extracted by leaching. Bronze scrap has more copper content in the structure and needs to be carefully processed to obtain large number of copper content recovery up to 96% and other recovery by leaching from slag generated can increase the overall yield. Anot her phenomenon has been studied for pickling solution which has serious pollution problem at the disposal and economic problem at treatment. For treatment acid must be removed in the pretreatment and then copper along with valuable metals can be efficiently recovered with Versatic 10 acid. In the end new method has been observed for semi continuous operation for copper recovery using specific electrolyte and modified operation tank. References Amit kapur, 2006 â€Å"The future of the red metal – scenario analysis†, futures, 37, 1067-1094. Archana Agrawal, K.K. Sahu, â€Å"Problems, prospects and current trends of copper recycling in India: An overview†, Resourse, conservation and recycling, 54,401-416. Huiting Shen, E. Forssberg. 2002. â€Å"An overview of recovery of metals from slags†. Waste Management 23 (2003) 933–949. Lumsdaine, J.,Barnes, C.D., S.M. , O’Hare, 1993. Copper converter slag treatment at Mount Isa Mines Limited, Mount Isa, Qld. AusIMM Proceedings 298 (1), 31. Basir, S.M.A., Rabah, M.A., 1999. â€Å"Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from brass melting slag.†, Hydrometallurgy 53 (1), 31-44. Anand, S., Rao, P., Kanta, X., Jena, P.K., 1980. â€Å"Recovery of metal values from copper converter and smelter slags by ferric chloride leaching.†. Hydrometallurgy 5, (4) , 355–365. Morsi M. B., Rabah ,M. A., 2004, â€Å" Recovery of copper from bronze scrap.†, Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 10 , 4 327 – 338. Gock, E., Kongolo, K., Banza, A.N., 2001. â€Å"Process for the recycling of base metals from copper smelter slag.† German Patent, DE 199 46 326 A 1, 2001-03-29. Ahmed, I.B., Gbor, P.K., Jia, C.Q., 2000. â€Å"Behaviour of Co and Ni during aqueous sulphur dioxide leaching of nickel slag.† Hydrometallurgy 57, 13–22. Andrzej G, Miroslaw U, Ryszard D. Service properties of grinding wheels with copper smelting slag as binder component. Mechnik 1992;65(5-6):167-/9. Boyrazli, M., Tumen, F. Altundogan, H.S., 2004. â€Å"A study on the sulfuric acid leaching of copper converter slag in the presence of dichromate†. Miner. Eng. 17, 465–467. Panda, S.C., Sukla, L.B., Jean, P.K., 1986. â€Å"Recovery of cobalt, nickel, and copper from converter slag through roasting with ammonium sulphate and sulfuric acid†. Hydrometallurgy 16, 153–165. Iglesias, N., Carranza, F., Mazuelos, A., Romero, R., Forcat, O., 2009. â€Å"Ferric leaching of copper slag flotation tailings. Miner. Eng.† 22, 107–110. Gaballah I. Allain E.,: (1994), â€Å"Recycling of strategic metals from industrial slag by hydro and pyrometallurgical processes†, Recycling of Materials in Industry Conf., Strasbourg. 1992, Resource Conserv. Recycl. 10,1-2 I. Gaballah, E. Allain, 1992, â€Å"Recycling of strategic metals from industrial slag by hydro and pyrometallurgical processes,†, Resource Conserv. Recycl. 10, 1994, 1–2. Nenniger, E.H., Barrett, E.C., 1992. â€Å"Hydrometallurgical treatment of electric arc furnace dusts.† US Pat., 5,082,493. Yuanyuan Tang, Siu-Wai Chan,Kaimin Shih, 2014, â€Å"Copper stabilization in beneficial use of waterworks sludge and copper-laden electroplating sludge for ceramic materials†, waste management, 34,6, 1085-1091 Dan Chen, Yi-Zhong, Yu Hua-Jun, Zhu Zhong-Zhe, Liu Yun Feng, Xu Qiang, Liu Guang-Ren Qian, 2008 â€Å"Ferrite process of electroplating sludge and enrichment of copper by hydrothermal reaction†, Separation and purification technology, 62, 2, 297-303 Shuhei Miura, Hideo Honma, 2003 â€Å"Advanced copper electroplating for application of electronics†, surface and coating technology, 169-170, 91-95 Hiskey, J.B., Sole, K.C, 1992. â€Å"Solvent extraction characteristics of thiosubstituted orgnophosphinic acid extractants.† Hydrometallurgy, 30, 345-365. Hiskey, J.B., Sole, K.C., 1995. â€Å"Solvent extraction of copper by Cyanex 272, Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301.† Hydrometallurgy, 37, 129-147. SCHEMCON-20141 | Page

Cultural Complexities In The Organisational Structures Commerce Essay

Cultural Complexities In The Organisational Structures Commerce Essay In traditional thinking organisational structure has been treated as the core. Organisational structure in simple terms can be defined as a framework in which organisations make decisions. Therefore, structure represents the nature of decision and procedure. This would contain three components, such as complexity, formalisation and centralisation (Robbins Barnwell, p.7) Complexity- This considers the extent of differentiation within organisation. This contains the degree of specialization (division of labour), the number of levels in organisation hierarchy and the extent to which organisation units are dispersed geographically. For example in the organisation like McDonalds, specialisation would be very low and the hierarchy is not tall like in the organisations like Microsoft or Virgin (Robbins Barnwell, p.7) Formalisation This is the degree to which an organisation relies on rules and procedures to direct the behaviour of employees by instructing them on what employees can do and what they cannot do. The degree of formalisation is very high in organisations like McDonalds and HSBC (Robbins Barnwell, p.7) Centralisation- This is the degree to which decision making is concerned in a single point in the organisation; usually this would be the top management. This considers where the responsibility for the decision making authority lies. If the centralisation is high in the organisation, problem flow upwards and the senior executives choose the appropriate decision and in these types of organisations power distance and formalisation would be high. 3.0. Organisational culture Organisational culture is a system of shared meaning within an organisation. In every organisation there are patterns of beliefs, symbols, rituals, myths and practices that have evolved over time. These, in turn, create common understandings among members as to what the organisation is and how its members should behave (Robbins Barnwell, p.377) Culture of an organisation is the values and behavioural norms of organizational members. There are two types of values such as terminal and instrumental. Terminal values refer to the desired end state or outcome that people try to attain where as Instrumental values refer to desired modes of behaviours (Robbins Barnwell, p.378) Culture exists at two levels (refer appendix diagram 1). The first is outwards manifestations of the culture, which are visible and able to make some form of interpretation. We can recognize the symbols of the organisation, the patterns of communications, the physical arrangement of work spaces and the ways in which power is expressed. We can also listen to the stories those are told and view the ceremonies those members take part in. The second level of culture is made of the deeply held values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes and feelings those underlie behavior. Beliefs and assumptions at this stage are complex to discover, interpret and understand. Members of organisation may be incapable to recognize the values and beliefs of the organisation. It is the visible level of culture that is amenable to measurement and change, and as a result has been the central point of management activity (Robbins Barnwell, p.378). 3.1. Importance of organisational culture In general, the importance of culture in organisations has to do with the fact that values, norms and beliefs in a normative sense act as a behavioural guidance. Corporate culture can support or frustrate organisational goals thus act as the base for success or failiure of the organisations(Hoogervorst , 2004,p.293). Organisational culture is very important because it is the normative glue that structures the milieu and makes it possible for people to derive meaning from their work, to work comfortably with others, and to focus on key organizational tasks. If we do not understand the culture and the cultural processes clearly we might end up in wrong interpretations and fail in those environments in which we operate. For example, Apple Companys success can be devoted to its rule breaking innovations. This was possible because of this organisation culture which encouraged anti- establishment employees. In contrast to this IBMs success can be devoted to its white collar employees who had focus on customer services. A person who analyses the success stories of both the organisations may fail in his/her studies simply because he/she didnt focus on different corporate culture. Thus, it becomes more important to understand organisational culture (Hatch, 1997,p200) 3.2.Culture and organisational effectiveness Strong cultures in organisations are the intensely held, clearly ordered and widely shared core values. The more the members accept the core values the more they agree on their order of importance and are highly committed to them. This type of cultures can be found in religious, military organisations (Robbins Barnwell, p.382). Further result of a strong culture is it enhances behavioural consistency by conveying employees what behaviours they should engage in and guides them on the things such as the acceptability of absenteeism puctuality. Even though strong cultures improve behavioural consistency, it is only logical to conclude they can be a powerful means of implicit control and can operate as a substitute for formalization (Robbins Barnwell, p.383). In scheins definition culture plays a key role in internal integration and in the external adaptation of the organisation to its environment. The term effectiveness requires an organisations culture, strategy, environment and technology to be aligned and suitable to meet the organisations goals. Thus, the successful organisations will ensure good external fit between strategy, environment and corporate culture (Robbins Barnwell, p.382). 4.0.Has the focus moved from structure to culture in organisations? In my point of view , I think this is a grey area to answer because both the terms are important for any organisation as both these elements go in hand in hand with another. But, I feel the modern organisations in this centuary are focusing more in culture than structure as they started to realise the importance of good human relations within an organisation its direct impact on organisational performance. This could be understood more by applying the Mckinseys 7s model (refer appendix diagram 2).According to this model culture is a combination of every function within the organisation. Therefore, each activity should reflect cultural values based on operations. Thus, the culture demonstrates the shared values(common practices). The other six elements are identified as the issues associated with developing culture. According to McKinsey structure ,system and strategy were treated as hardparts of culture where as the other areas were treated as soft elements those associated with people(Kothari Handscombe, 2007,p.51) According to McKinseys 7s model we can draw a conclusion that culture is the base for every organisations performance and this culture cannot be developed if there is no proper structure. For example, if we take Google, creativity and innovation are their main theme and the management has focused to develop a culture which facilitates that. In order to achieve this organisations structure has been changed to a flat structure where by things are done so informal between the professional software engineers. In order to develop the expected culture, the environment was changed in an informal manner and employees felt they were in a relaxed place. This structure has supported the culture of Google and has helped Google to improve work place relationships and organisational performance(culture and structure as a competitive edge,1994,p.16) Finally, my argument is organisations have started to focus on culture but for that reason they did not lose the focus on structure. 5.0.Functionalist approach to culture Functionalist paradigm has been the primary paradigm in organizational studies. It assumes relationships are concrete and can be identified studied and measured via science. Thus this paradigm believes one can understand organizational behaviour through hypothesis testing. This paradigm also has been influenced by idealist and Marxist thought too. It assumes there are external rules and regulations governing the external world. (Ardalan, 2003,p.202) Functionalist paradigm views culture as top-down argues that culture can be managed and measured because in this paradigm culture is considered to be objective, measurable and able to be managed. Scheins model of culture can be used to understand culture in this paradigm (Module 5, n.d., p.2) 5.1. Scheins theory of culture Schein defines seven issues as assumptions which should be resolved by every culture. They are organisations relationships, nature of human activity, nature of reality and truth, nature of time, nature of human and homogeneity vs. diversity (refer Appendix diagram 3 4). Further he argues the core assumptions can be classified into two categories such as external adaptation tasks (mission and strategy, goals, means and control system) and internal adaptation tasks (common language, group boundary definition, rewards and punishments, status and power relations) (refer Appendix diagram 5). But Schein believes the most important influences of core assumptions from the stand point of shaping culture are norms, values and artefacts (refer appendix diagram 3) (Hatch, 1997, pg 214) Values and norms Values are the social principles, goals and standards within a particular culture. Its basically based on what the member of an organisation care about, such as freedom, democracy, tradition, wealth and loyalty. Value creates the basis for the judgment on what is right what is wrong associated with strong emotions (Hatch, 1997, pg214). Norms are closely associated with values as these are unwritten rules, which allow members of the culture to know whats expected from them. Examples of business norms are when should inform the potential problems to boss what sort of clothing can be warned (Hatch, 1997, pg214). Artefacts creations Artefacts are the visible, tangible and audible remains of behaviour, based on cultural norms, values and assumptions. Artefacts can be categorised as: (refer Appendix diagram 6) Verbal manifestations provided in written and spoken language Physical objects shaped by the members of the culture Ceremonies, rituals and other behavioural manifestations (Hatch, 1997, pg216). Artefacts can be observed by any one and it is the most accessible elements of culture. But artefacts can be misinterpreted easily as they are remote from the core (Hatch, 1997, pg217). Therefore the culture can be identified through various presentations generated by organisations in physical forms. The appearance of these physical forms in organisations products and related processes will demonstrate the culture and signal a particular idea. Example- the Carlsberg symbol would indicate entertainment, fun, integration, relationship and friendships. The above Scheins model of culture also proposes that culture can be managed and measured and is a top-down approach to culture. In other terms culture can be identified and taught to new organisational members so that they can be socialised to accept and fit in with the corporate culture. However, Schein also suggests that the cultural nature of organisations and groups is not that easy to identify because people habitually do not know why they do what they do (Module 5, n.d., p.3) 6.0. Radical humanist approach to culture (subjective-radical change) Theorists in this paradigm are primarily concerned with releasing social constraints that limit human potential. They view the current dominant ideologies as separating people from their true selves. They use this paradigm to validate desire for revolutionary change. Its basically anti-organization in scope. In this view the awareness of man is dominated by the ideological superstructures through which he interacts, and these drive a cognitive wedge stuck between himself and his true consciousness or awareness and this prevents human fulfillment or accomplishment. The radical humanists emphasize the political and repressive nature of purposive rationality, logic of science, positive functions of technology, and neutrality of language. (Ardalan, 2008, p.523) This paradigm views organisational culture as a contested relation between meanings. The distinctive understandings of a particular social group may conflict with those of other social groups. It is in a sense an anti-organisation theory-a theory which is inherently critical of dominant accounts of scientific knowledge and social arrangements. (Parker, 2003,p.77) The phrase subculture has a particular application here since it contains an important recognition that ideas within a social group are heterogonous, plural and often contested. Thus an organisations culture could be viewed as a struggle for hegemony with competing factions attempting to identify the primary purpose of the organisation in a way that meets their perceived definitions. For Martin Parker, the value of this paradigm is its twin stress on power and meaning. Certain groups have additional power to impose their understandings than others, although this does not assure the acceptance since subordinated groups also have power to resist in multiple ways. (Parker, 2003,p.78) Similar to interpretive studies, in methodological terms radical humanism is often reflected in ethnographic approaches, though with a greater focus on symbolic and material conflicts as an endemic feature of the process of organising. (Parker, 2003,81) 7.0. Functionalist approach vs. Radical humanist approach to culture By analysing both the paradigms I found following differences between functionalist radical humanist approaches to culture: Functionalist views culture can be managed and measured because this paradigm is considered to articulate from objective stand point and the sociology of regulation. In contrast to this radical humanist paradigm views organisational culture cannot be measured or managed as this paradigm is concerned to articulate, from a subjective stand point the sociology of radical change (refer appendix diagram 7). Functionalist paradigm argues culture can be learned taught to others whereas the radical humanist argues it cannot be taught to others since different social groups have different contesting values. For example, in functionalist view, an American organisation which tries to establish business operations in Japan will be able to cope up with Japanese culture by learning that culture. Radical humanist argues that American organisation cant adapt to Japanese culture by learning that culture because both the cultures will start to contest. Traditionally it was thought that culture of organisation will resemble founders thoughts, beliefs values. In contradiction to this, modern theories argue corporate culture will resemble a set of values, thoughts beliefs which are similar to the bottom level people. Thus, Functionalist paradigm (traditional thoughts) views culture forms from top to down where as radical humanist(modern thoughts) believes culture forms from bottom to up since there are sub cultures which decide the formation of corporate culture. 8.0. Conclusion In the modern business environment it is quite obvious that organisations have started to focus more on their corporate culture. However, I think that does not mean organisations have lost focus on structure because as I have addressed in this paper before structure is also very important to develop a good corporate culture. In order to make my argument strong I have used Mc Kinseys 7s framework. Functionalist paradigm uses the traditional theories to study the organisations. Further this paradigm believes one can understand organizational behaviour through hypothesis testing. Thus, this paradigm argues organisational culture also can be studied and can be taught to others. Additionally, functionalist paradigm views culture forms from top to down and argues that culture can be managed and measured. Scheins model of culture has been used to understand functionalists approach to culture. In contradiction to the Functionalist paradigm radical humanist paradigm questions the current accepted views of organisations and their impact on society. This paradigm views organisational culture as a contested relation between meanings because it believes different social groups will have different contested values between them. Thus, according to this paradigm organisation cannot simply teach their corporate culture to people there is always a contradiction between people due to their individual cultures. At last, to conclude my report, I would say organisations have started to focus on culture. However, they did not lose the focus on structure. Also there are many differences between functionalist radical humanist paradigms in managing cultures.

Reptiles :: essays research papers

Reptiles are vertebrate, or backboned animals constituting the class Reptilia and are characterized by a combination of features, none of which alone could separate all reptiles from all other animals.The characteristics of reptiles are numerous, therefore can not be explained in great detail in this report. In no special order, the characteristics of reptiles are: cold-bloodedness; the presence of lungs; direct development, without larval forms as in amphibians; a dry skin with scales but not feathers or hair; an amniote egg; internal fertilization; a three or four-chambered heart; two aortic arches (blood vessels) carrying blood from the heart to the body, unlike mammals and birds that only have one; a metanephric kidney; twelve pairs of cranial nerves; and skeletal features such as limbs with usually five clawed fingers or toes, at least two spinal bones associated with the pelvis, a single ball-and-socket connection at the head-neck joint instead of two, as in advanced amphibian s and mammals, and an incomplete or complete partition along the roof of the mouth, separating the food and air passageways so that breathing can continue while food is being chewed. These and other traditional defining characteristics of reptiles have been subjected to considerable modification in recent times. The extinct flying reptiles, called pterosaurs or pterodactyls, are now thought to have been warm-blooded and covered with hair. Also, the dinosaurs are also now considered by many authorities to have been warm-blooded. The earliest known bird, archaeopteryx, is now regarded by many to have been a small dinosaur, despite its covering of feathers The extinct ancestors of the mammals, the therapsids, or mammallike reptiles, are also believed to have been warm-blooded and haired. Proposals have been made to reclassify the pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and certain other groups out of the class Reptilia into one or more classes of their own. The class Reptilia is divided into 6 to 12 subclasses by different authorities. This includes living and extinct species. In addition, a number of these subclasses are completely extinct. The subclasses contain about 24 orders, but only 4 of these are still represented by living animals.Of the living orders of reptiles, two arose earlier than the age of reptiles, when dinosaurs were dominant. Tuataras, of the order Rhynchocephalia, are found only on New Zealand islands, whereas the equally ancient turtles, order Chelonia, occur nearly worldwide. The order Crocodilia emerged along with the dinosaurs. Snakes and lizards, order Squamata, are today the most numerous reptile species.

Appearance vs. Reality in Merchant Of Venice Essay example -- Merchant

The theme of Appearance Vs. Reality is used throughout the play to mislead and confuse so things may not always be what they seem. Shakespeare uses deception to enhance the unfolding drama and involve his audience more fully in the play – the audience are party to deceptions which the characters themselves are unaware of. Prejudice was common and the word â€Å"Jew† applied to hardhearted unscrupulous moneylenders. An Elizabethan audience would have been happy to see a Jew, Spaniard or a Moor deceived and Shakespeare clearly tried to give his audience what it wanted. In contrast, many, particularly ladies, would have admired the strong and witty Portia and even though she appears arrogant and racist this would have been accepted in Elizabethan England. Any deception carried out by Portia would therefore be admired and applauded by Shakespeare’s audience and it is not surprising therefore she carries out that many deceptions. A major theme running though the play is that of Christians disliking Jews and Jews returning the feelings. Towards the start of the play Shakespeare introduces deception when Antonio (a Christian) wants a bond from Shylock (a Jew). Shylock agrees to the bond under the condition that Shylock gets a pound of Antonio’s flesh for each pound he cannot return. This bond seems to come out of friendship from Shylock and he describes, â€Å"I would be friends with you, and have your love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The audience, however, knows at this point that Shylock is deceiving Antonio; although Shylock pretends to like Antonio â€Å"Antonio is a good man† and wants to be friends he has already expressed to the audience his hatred for Antonio. Shylock also describes the bond as â€Å"this merry bond†. A merry bond is a bond which is not serious, a joke, and if the terms of the bond were broken you would not expect to see Shylock wanting to take up the strict terms of it. Again, this is another deception, as later in the play Shylock wants full revenge by taking his pounds of flesh from Antonio. These are two deceptions played on Antonio by Shylock. An Elizabethan audience might expect nothing less of a Jew. By hiding his hatred for Antonio and making light of the pound of flesh, Shylock succeeds in his deception. The next deception is the elopement of Jessica and Lorenzo; a deception in this instant against Shylock. Lorenzo doesn’t care about the consequences to Shylock a... ...eceit when they elope. Deception and intrigue were very common in Shakespeare’s times. He writes about deception as it is what he saw around him and also because it holds his audience’s attention especially when the audience know a character in the play is deceiving another but the other character is not aware of this. Therefore, through deception Shakespeare brings his audience into the play itself and maintains their interest. They would have greatly appreciated being involved in the deceits and lies and would have been familiar, from life around them, with the concept of deception and enjoyed it. The line â€Å"All that glistens is not gold† has survived over 400 years and is used today to warn that outward appearances may mask what is on the inside and this is the message of Shakespeare’s play. Whether Shakespeare was using deception to put across such a message or just to entertain his audience or both, the use of deception gives the play an intriguing plot, with heroes and villains and a theme which his Elizabethan audience could easily relate to. Work Cited Kaplan, M. Lindsay, ed. William Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice. Bedford/ St. Martin’s: New York, 2002.