The Insider Secret on Samples of Process Analysis Essay Exposed

The Insider Secret on Samples of Process Analysis Essay Exposed There's no need to incorporate any background in the procedure breakdown essay. There are lots more topic suggestions and totally free examples online. Time is a significant element. If at all possible, be certain to include things like a photo of the said object you're planning to use if you want to publish the said essay online. The most crucial facet of the procedure should kick start the instruction. The outline needs to be employed to supply instructions in a defined order. Crosscheck the circulation of steps to make sure you have not skipped or repeated a procedure. It is very important to continue to keep your directions or process steps as easy as possible. Samples of Process Analysis Essay: the Ultimate Convenience! All you have to have in order to quit is your intent to do it and your private will. In summary, the above mentioned process description presents the measures involved with capturing a do g in a secure and humane method. The key issue is that the procedure is described in a logical order and in a very clear way. A whole lot of the moment, it can help to break down each process into subsections. The next thing to do is to define any technical terms that are going to be utilized in the paper. Creating an outline will provide you with the opportunity to consider which steps are important and then set the steps in the right order. A process essay example can be an actual salvation if you're puzzled and can't compose a line. The part of a process analysis essay is to emphasize the procedure for performing a job, how something is accomplished or how an event occurred. Consider each one of the ingredients, staff and machinery required to create the food you're learning about. Use critical thinking skills in analyzing the entire process to make certain it's complete. Bear in mind, a process essay contains multiple elements and the secret to success is to connect t hem all. Process analysis isn't simply describing the procedure. Just like project analysis, it makes sure that the process are made to be effective. When you haven't already mastered the process, it is going to be challenging to learn and compose all at one time. Evidently, every method differs. Most of all, business analysis is essential for companies to locate solutions to problems. One of the absolute most important maintenance duties for cars is altering the oil regularly. Potential risks or side effects which are very likely to generate from the procedure ought to be started so the reader remains informed. The process essays are usually written for companies or people who need tutorials. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Samples of Process Analysis Essay Don't be afraid to find some excess assistance to turn your paper stick out! At the exact same time, process analysis essays are helpful to boost the analytical skills of the individual who's writing them. Many diverse grades of paper are readily available. What Everybody Dislikes About Samples of Process Analysis Essay and Why For example, if your process essay is all about making the very best shepherd's pie, consider drafting a paragraph on how best to make the filling below and another paragraph on the best way to create good mashed potatoes in addition to the lamb filling below. Find out everything there is to learn about making the food product about which you're writing. Any sort of expository paper has a particular tone and manner. If you wish to succeed in delivering an outstanding paper, you ought to start with getting acquainted with its definition. All the essays are written in a really low-cost price with higher quality by the ten decades long skilled essay helpers. Let's get going with a streak of process analysis essay topics that will help you on your way to an excellent process analysis essay. New Ideas Into Samples of Process Analysis Essay Never Before Reve aled As you finalize your topic choice, don't forget to select a process you've completed many occasions and you can explain to somebody else. What's more, you're likely to want to decide on a process which you're acquainted with but that the bulk of your readers aren't. Now, there are a number of individuals who might already have a notion about what to do with them. Process analysis intends to command the people involved with the project on what things to work on, giving them a more clear idea of what things to do. All your writing ought to be simple to understand and follow for your audience. Be sure that the reader knows everything involved with the procedure you're writing about. You need to make sure your reader keeps on reading. Furthermore, don't forget to spell out why the reader is to execute each step and what the total goal is. The Fundamentals of Samples of Process Analysis Essay Revealed There isn't any particular order or rules on the best way to compose a p rocess analysis essay outline. There's no should get any arguments or supporting facts. Each procedure is unique and therefore, the essence of the procedure, and the range of steps will choose the loudness of the analysis essay. Getting mindful of the point of a process analysis is crucial to ensure the course in achieving a specific objective is well understood in order to prevent any mistake in the long-run.

Global Warming The World - 1228 Words

Global Warming- Our Disappearing World Global warming presents a huge problem in the world today, but not every scientist believes this. They think that the weather is just supposed to change naturally. If you look around there is evidence to support this theory. The sea level is rising, the global temperature has become warmer, the oceans are not as cold, and the Arctic ice has begun to disappear. Greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer also contributes to Global warming. There are many predictions about Global warming, the Greenhouse effect, sea level rising. Scientist have various predictions on how life on Earth will change by the year 2100. Background In the 1700’s the Industrial Revolution which began in†¦show more content†¦Changes in the Earth’s climate are now visible and scientists are trying to predict what the future holds, and what can be done about it. Predictions In the journal article written by H.L Miller, the talks about how there will be a greater amount of Greenhouse gas condensed and released into the atmosphere. Some scientist believe that the temperature around the world will rise 2 °F up to 11.5 °F by the year 2100. This will mean that global temperature will have doubled over the last hundred years. The higher volume of Greenhouse gas being released into the air will increase the global rise in temperature (Ping). Studies show that the southern United States will have an estimated 60 days when the temperature reaches above 90 °F, and by the end of this century the south will experience temperatures of 90  °F and above for 150 days (Karl). Future prediction on the weather will change and it depends on the region as well as the season. S.D Solomon is a co writer for IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and he predicts that some regions may have less precipitation, some may have more precipitation, and some may have little or no ch ange. â€Å"The amount of rain falling in heavy precipitation events is likely to increase in most regions, while storm tracks are projected to shift poleward†(Solomon). The amount of

Non-Verbal Barriers in Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Non-Verbal Barriers in Business Communication. Answer: Introduction The communication is an integral part of the business processes and they determine the level of success or failure of an organization (DeVito 2015). The process of negotiating, exchanging and mediating the differences through the processes of languages and non-verbal gestures is known as communication (DeVito 2015). However, there are different forms of communication barriers that prevent the sender or the receiver to understand the messages of each other. The barriers prevent the individuals to properly send the messages and interpret the same. The barriers may be related to internal or external based on the different circumstances (DeVito 2015). The barriers can be both in verbal communication as well as non-verbal communication. This paper would discuss the various nonverbal barriers that take place in the business communication process. The research topic is non verbal barriers in business communication. The non-verbal elements are important substitutes for words that convey great meaning in business communications. The assignment wishes to identify the various components that inhibit the non-verbal communication process in business scenario. There are several business issues that are faced by the companies, the root cause of them lies in the improper non-verbal communication. There are several instances of misunderstandings and conflicts in the team due to inadequate or improper non-verbal cues. This is the reason that the nonverbal communication systems should be given emphasis. Any probable barriers that prevent the communication process (especially non-verbal communication) would be explored. The thesis statement of the research would To explore the different non-verbal barriers in the communication process and develop suitable solutions. Conceptual Framework As opined by Surkamp (2014), the non-verbal communication is often the neglected mode of communication in the organizations. It has been opined that the greater awareness as well as knowledge of the non-verbal modes of communication would help in greater non-verbal communication modes. When a person is interacting with another, then he is giving unlimited signals in an unconscious manner. The gestures, postures and the eye contact are important parameters that should be kept in mind when engaging in communication. The non-verbal communication takes place even after the actual speaking has ceased (Broadbent 2013). This kind of communication takes place in a silent manner when both the parties are not communicating. The communication has become the backbone of business and it is considered as an art (Broadbent 2013). Good communication involves the process of transferring, analyzing and comprehending the messages embedded in the message (Klitmller and Lauring 2013). However, good communication involves a lot of efforts that is often missing. The mere speaking of words is not enough for making good communication and there is lot of non-verbal processes involved in it. As stated by Broadbent (2013), the nonverbal communication is an important attribute of the modern business. They improve the clarity, trust and rapport between the team members in an organization. There are different types of non-verbal communication that are increasingly used in business communication- Facial expressions- The human face is considered as one of the most expressive tools and they usually display variety of emotions (White and Gardner 2013). There can be expressions of anger, sadness, fear, surprise and others. Gestures- The communication is affected by the way people walk, sit or keep their head while talking. The body gestures and postures are important in understanding the way communication is being done. Eye-contact- This is considered as one of the most important parameters in the non-verbal communication in which there is significant exchange of information without the use of words (White and Gardner 2013). One must know how to maintain proper eye-contact while maintaining the flow of communication. Non-verbal communication is considered as the process of transferring the important messages without using any sounds or words (Broadbent 2013). This kind of communication is mainly done with the help of body language, eye contact, gestures, and voice tone. However, there are lots of barriers that take place in this kind of communication- Negative body language There are instances when there is negative body language, which turns off the receiver (White and Gardner 2013). The speaker may not be able to display a positive body language and he may stoop, bend or sit in excessive relaxed manner. This can take the listeners attention away from the communication and they may miss the real meaning of the ideas being conveyed by the speaker (White and Gardner 2013). The body language may not be proper, which may distract the receivers and may miss the crux of the message. Not proper eye contact This is one of the most common modes of communication barriers that take place in the business organizations (Adler, Rodman and DuPr 2016). The sender may not maintain proper eye to eye contact with the team and this may distract the team (Adler, Rodman and DuPr 2016). This would make the employees confused and also the credibility of the supervisor would be questioned. When the supervisor is giving a speech, and fails to maintain proper eye contact with the audience, then there would be no impact on them(White and Gardner 2013). It is important equal eye contact with all the members of the audience so that they are interested in the actual content of the speech. Inappropriate gestures When there is proper communication between multiple members of the organization, then there is bound to be some improper gestures between them (Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). The speaker may roll or flash eyes that may appear improper. He may also keep his arms crossed or keep his legs crossed which are considered as major turn-offs for the listeners. This may also hamper the listening process and the audience may only partially listen to the speaker (Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). A poor personal care is major cause of distraction in which the audience would be unable to concentrate on the main message. There are instances when the speaker slouches that has a negative effect on the audiences, which makes the communication process not so sound (Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). Neutral facial expression In case of non-verbal communication, it is important that the audience is greeted with appropriate facial expression of the speaker (Argyle 2013). If the speaker is unable to give the suitable facial expression, then the audience would not be interested in listening to the words of the speaker. Rude tone of voice Everyone loves to hear polite and soothing voice and if there is any deviation from the same, then they would lose interest in the speakers words(Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). The harsh tone of voice is detrimental in proper communication and the audience would stop listening to the content of the speech. Fig: Conceptual framework in non-verbal communication Source: Created by author Research Design The research design for this kind of research is aimed at understanding the actual barriers that are faced in non-verbal communication. The research method should yield the maximum data which would help in validating the research topic. The research design is considered as the blueprint of the research, which would help in the analysis of the conceptual facts. Research Approach The research approach followed is the inductive research approach in which there is no formulation of hypothesis and the research objectives needs to be fulfilled by the process. The main purpose of data collection for this research is to explore the various nonverbal barrier in communication and identify any patterns in it (Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). This research would be done with the help of observation and particular patterns of non-verbal barriers would be identified. This research would be based on the theoretical synthesis of the available data on non-verbal barriers in communication. Research Strategy The research strategy would be mixed research approach in which there is a combination of qualitative research as well as quantitative research. The qualitative research is inductive, which emphasizes on the fact that data analysis needs to be done based on the type of data of collected data (Burgoon, Guerrero and Floyd 2016). A methodological approach would be followed which allows for greater flexibility in the case of qualitative research. The quantitative method would be based on the data collection from actual participants. Data Collection There would be two types of data that would be collected for this research. The qualitative data would be collected with the help of study of online documents, international journals, newsletters, magazines and others. The quantitative data analysis would be done with the help of primary questionnaires which would be collected from 5 multinational companies. A group of 40 employees would be selected from this 5 companies. A total of 200 employees would be selected. They would be asked their views on various non-verbal communication barriers they have faced in their professional life. Data Analysis The data analysis is concerned with the transforming of the collected data into valuable information so that meaningful information can be derived from them. The main mode of data analysis was Microsoft Excel. The various qualitative sources of data are being analyzed and presented for deducing conclusions. Findings The findings of the research show that there are several non-verbal communications barriers that are faced by individuals. They often face physical barriers and they are often unable to apprehend the non-verbal postures as well as gestures. A large percentage of the respondents feel that they are not able to maintain proper eye contact and hence they are unable to communicate fully. A fairly large number of participants feel that they are concentrating more on the slouched position of their lecturer or supervisor and are unable to interpret their key messages. Conclusion The business communication is one of the most important processes that is important for long term business success. There are several communication barriers that are faced by the organizational leaders. The rigidness to the organizational charts or the existence of physical barriers have always created issues for the management. The communication problems are an increasing phenomenon in the modern-day workplaces. The communication issues can be both observed in verbal as well as nonverbal modes. There are several nonverbal communication problems such as neutral facial expression, improper body language, no eye contact, rude voice and so on. There are several skills that needs to be imbibed for being an excellent communicator. This paper has focused on the probable non-verbal communications and sought to propose some suitable solutions for same. References Adler, R., Rodman, G.R. and DuPr, A., 2016.Understanding human communication. Oxford University Press. Argyle, M., 2013.Bodily communication. Routledge. Benyon, J. and Dunkerley, D., 2014.Globalization: the reader. Routledge. Bovee, C.L. and Thill, J.V., 2012.Excellence in business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Burgoon, J.K., Guerrero, L.K. and Floyd, K., 2016.Nonverbal communication. Routledge. Clampitt, P.G., 2012.Communicating for managerial effectiveness. Sage. Daim, T.U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W. and Bhatla, A., 2012. Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), pp.199-212. DeVito, J.A., 2015.The interpersonal communication book. Pearson. French, R., 2015.Cross-cultural management in work organisations. Kogan Page Publishers. Grunig, J.E. ed., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Guang, T. and Trotter, D., 2012. Key issues in cross-cultural business communication: Anthropological approaches to international business.African Journal of Business Management,6(22), p.6456. Guffey, M.E. and Loewy, D., 2012.Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Jandt, F.E., 2012.An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Klitmller, A. and Lauring, J., 2013. When global virtual teams share knowledge: Media richness, cultural difference and language commonality.Journal of World Business,48(3), pp.398-406. Levy, F. and Murnane, R.J., 2012.The new division of labor: How computers are creating the next job market. Princeton University Press. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2014.Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning. Tang, N. and Wang, Y., 2017. Cross?Cultural Teams.The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Team Working and Collaborative Processes, pp.219-242. Thill, J.V. and Bove, C.L., 2013.Excellence in business communication. Pearson. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2017.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Tubbs, S.L., 2012. Human communication: Principles and contexts. White, J. and Gardner, J., 2013.The Classroom X-Factor: The Power of Body Language and Non-verbal Communication in Teaching. Routledge. Surkamp, C., 2014. Non-Verbal Communicatio

Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Essay Example

Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings Paper Chronic illness to any of the member of the family actually affects the whole family. And when a child diagnosed is diagnosed with a chronic illness, it has its effect not only on the suffering child but the entire family as a whole which includes his/her siblings. Though the children in most of the cases have been found to adapt their siblings’ chronic illness but the complete picture indicates that they have to experience stress and psychological problems (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). They have to suffer changes in the form of various aspects of life beginning with relationship with their parents in form of both quantity and quality, especially the mother who is so much preoccupied with ill child that there occurs an unintentional negligence in the amount of support to be provided to the other children (Cloues, 2006). The family being a system tends to maintain a sense of stability while resisting forces or changes that could cause a disruption to this stability. Chronic illness to a member especially child is a major disruption of family with stability being the first victim with later effects on other children (Cloues, 2006). In the United States, number of children suffering from chronic illness ranges between 4 and 7 million and about one-half to one million of them are actually patients of severe chronic childhood disability (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Patterson, 1988). The extremely high variation of data makes way for something between 5% and 40% of children suffer from a chronic illness (Newacheck Halfon, 1998; Perrin MacLean, 1988). The variation itself is a proof of underestimation and the actual number might be much higher if we go along with the definition by P. D. Williams (1997), according to which â€Å"chronic illness is an ailment with a duration of 6 months or longer showing little change or slow progression† (p. 132). We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Responses of Children with Chronically Ill Siblings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the presence of a child with some chronic illness, the circumstance under which the family grows is quite unfamiliar. In the solution phase while coping with the problem, a process of change begun within the family with varying emotional responses effecting considerable sibling adjustment to manage the influx of strong and conflicting emotions (Association for Children with Disability, 2003). Background A siblings response to growing up in a family that has a child with a disability needs to be understood in their context of their stage of development. Children respond to the events of day-to-day life based on their stage of physical, mental and emotional development. Children learn from their environment and through their relationship with their parents and siblings. The sibling relationship, which is life long, has an important influence on the development of a persons identity. In later life, it can be a source of mutual support, depending on the quality of the early relationship. C. Purpose D. Research Question II. Review of the Literature III. Methodology Quantitative Reviews of the Literature A recent methodological advance to resolve discrepant findings across studies is meta-analysis. This quantitative review strategy is employed to assess factors both substantive and methodological that produce inconsistencies across studies (Schmidt, 1992). Howe (1993) employed a vote-count meta analysis strategy to review 21 studies with control groups or normative reference groups that examined siblings of children with chronic illness. A vote count meta-analysis is a simple tabulation of studies by their outcomes. Howe concluded that siblings of children with a chronic illness were at higher risk than other children for psychological problems, that neurological conditions produced more negative effects than nonneurological conditions, and that negative effects were most often manifested as internalizing behaviors. Summers, White, and Summers (1994) conducted a vote-count meta-analysis of 13 studies of siblings of children with a chronic illness or an intellectual disability. These 13 studies were assessed for their methodological quality and research methodology, and study results were categorized as positive, negative, or nonsignificant. These researchers concluded that being the sibling of a child with a disability had both negative and positive consequences, that parent surveys and direct observation generated more negative findings than child self-reports, and that higher quality studies found fewer differences between siblings and comparison samples. Like Howe’s (1993) review of the literature, the Summers et al. meta-analysis was constrained by the limitations to the vote-count review strategy: no estimation of effect size magnitude, no consideration of sample size, and no mechanism for evaluating systematically the impact of moderator variables. A recent meta-analysis of 25 studies and 79 effect sizes from the literature on the siblings of individuals with intellectual disabilities (Rossiter Sharpe, 2001) revealed a small negative effect for having a sibling with an intellectual disability that could not be attributed to a publication bias or some other artifact. This negative effect was most pronounced for measures of psychological functioning, especially depression, and adult reports versus child self reports. This meta-analysis pertains to the siblings of children with a chronic illness. Based on the findings from traditional literature reviews and the vote count meta-analyses, a negative effect was anticipated for having a sibling with a chronic illness. A number of hypotheses based on methodological and substantive issues were then derived. Methodological Issues. The first methodological hypothesis was that studies published more recently would show fewer negative and more positive outcomes than earlier studies. Lamorey (1999) observed more recent studies to show fewer negative effects and more variation in outcomes. A second methodological hypothesis was that more negative effects would be found for parental reports than sibling self reports (Summers et al. , 1994). The third methodological hypothesis was that studies employing normative data for comparison to the sibling samples would produce negative effects of greater magnitude than found for studies that employed matched control groups (Lavigne Faier-Routman, 1992). Substantive Issues. A number of hypotheses were also made that related to substantive variables. First, a larger negative effect was expected for internalizing over externalizing behaviors. Howe (1993) found four of eleven studies of siblings of children with chronic illness showed a negative effect for internalizing behavior compared to only one of eight studies for externalizing behaviors. Second, sibling outcomes were anticipated to vary by the chronic disease and its features. One view is many chronic conditions of childhood produce similar psychological and behavioral effects (Vessey Mebane, 2000). Childhood chronic illnesses, however, vary on dimensions such as etiology, age of onset, impact on functioning, and prognosis (see Lobato, Faust, Spirito, 1988). More severe chronic illnesses place greater restrictions on the child’s activities (Newacheck Taylor, 1992), and perhaps greater demands on parents, siblings, the family system, and the community (Patterson, 1988). Third, the interaction of sibling gender and birth order was considered (Howe, 1993; Williams, 1997). Method Fifty published studies from 1976 to 2000, representing over twenty-five hundred siblings of children with chronic illness, were identified from computer searches of databases such as PsycLit and MEDLINE, using key words such as â€Å"siblings† and â€Å"illness,† from previous reviews of the literature and from the reference sections of located studies. Excluded from the meta-analysis were case studies, nonempirical or qualitative studies, or studies without an appropriate comparison group or normative data. Studies were also excluded that evaluated the reactions of healthy siblings to the illness or death of a brother or sister or pertained to the adult siblings of individuals with a chronic illness. Studies that employed no comparison group but that provided normative data were included in this meta-analysis. Unpublished studies were not sought for inclusion in this meta-analysis. First, it is almost impossible to collect all published studies in all languages, much less all unpublished studies. Second, the peer review process for published studies serves as an albeit imperfect form of quality control. Third, there is evidence that publication bias is less serious than once feared (Sharpe, 1997). Publication bias, the socalled â€Å"file-drawer† problem, is the belief that the failure to include unpublished studies in the metaanalysis might inflate the magnitude of effect sizes, given that published studies may overrepresent statistically significant findings. To ascertain the likelihood of such a publication bias, statistical and graphical analyses of effect sizes were conducted. Studies by the same author(s) that appeared to examine the same participants (e. g. , Breslau Prabucki, 1987; Breslau, Weitzman, Messenger, 1981) were treated as a single study for the purposes of this meta-analysis. Three of the primary studies (Faux, 1991; Stawski, Averbach, Barasch, Lerner, Zimin, 1997; Wood et al. , 1988) provided separate data for the siblings of children with distinctly different chronic illnesses. These sub samples were treated as separate studies. In total, 51 study-level effect size statistics were evaluated. Each study was coded for method of data collection (child self-report, parent report, or direct observation), chronic illness, age of siblings, gender of siblings, number of sibling and comparison participants, and dependent measure category: psychological functioning (e. g. , Internalizing subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist), self concept (e. g. , Piers-Harris Self-Concept scale), caretaking, sibling relationship, peer activities (e. g. , Social Competence subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist), cognitive functioning (e. g. , intelligence test scores), and cognitive development (e. g. , school performance). Parent and teacher reports were combined because only five studies asked teachers to complete a dependent measure. Four of the five comparisons based on teacher reports were not statistically significant. All codings were completed by the first author and checked independently by the second author. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Effect Size Calculations. An effect size statistic d (Hedges Olkin, 1985) was calculated for each relevant outcome by subtracting the mean score for comparison participants from the mean score for siblings with a chronic illness and by dividing that sum by a pooled standard deviation. Normative data provided by the primary authors in the published studies were substituted for data from comparison participants when the latter were not provided. If means and standard deviations were not reported, effect sizes were calculated from summary statistics (e. g. , t statistics, p values) by employing the metaanalysis software package D-Stat (Johnson, 1989). Effect sizes were weighted by the reciprocal of their variance as recommended by Hedges and Olkin (1985). When no data were reported in a primary study but the difference between the sibling and comparison groups was said to be nonsignificant, an effect size of zero was recorded. For all analyses, negative effect sizes reflect less positive functioning for siblings of children with a chronic illness relative to comparison children or normative data. Effect sizes from the same study, chronic illness, dependent measure category, and method of data collection were combined and averaged. The resulting set of 103 outcome-level effect sizes was evaluated for their statistical significance (95% confidence interval around zero) and their homogeneity (Hedges Olkin, 1985). The effect sizes from the 51 studies were also examined where appropriate to do so. The overall test for homogeneity (QT) assesses whether a set of effect sizes is internally consistent. For most meta-analyses, homogeneity of the set of effect sizes is not achieved without some combination of outlier analysis and partitioning of effect sizes into smaller clusters on the basis of moderator variables. The identification and removal of outliers are appropriate if homogeneity can be achieved by deleting no more than 20% of the effect sizes (Hedges Olkin, 1985). Regardless of the outcome of the overall test of homogeneity, however, tests of moderator variables are justified when based on theoretical considerations (see Hall Rosenthal, 1991). After the overall test for homogeneity, effect size clusters were created on the basis of moderator variables (e. g. , method of data collection). The homogeneity of effect sizes within clusters (QW) and differences between mean effect sizes across clusters (QB) were calculated. A significant QB value implies differences in the mean effect sizes associated with the effect size clusters. Interpretation of such an outcome is less clear if there are significant differences in effect sizes within one or more clusters (the QW statistic for each cluster). When moderator variables were continuous (e. g. , sample size), correlations between effect sizes and the moderator variables were calculated. Results The results are divided into three sections. The first section reports on tests of effect sizes: tests of the magnitude of mean effect sizes, tests for publication bias, and tests of homogeneity of effect sizes. The second section examines the role of methodological moderator variables, specifically, year of publication, method of data collection, and comparison group versus normative data. The third section considers substantive moderator variables, specifically, categories of dependent measures, differences by chronic illness, and effects of gender, birth order, and age of sibling.